- definition
- examples and/or illustrations
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1) The act of recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons … by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person … for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum:
- the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation,
- forced labour services
- slavery or practices similar to slavery
- servitude
- or the removal organs
The United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/protocoltraffic.pdf
2) the business of helping people to enter a country illegally and forcing them to wok there for very little money because they have no rights
www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/trafficking
3) the action of dealing or trading in something illegal
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/traffic?q=trafficking#traffic__7
4) trade, barter
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trafficking
Simplified chart (from the 2000 UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children definition), as a useful tool for analyzing individual cases to determine whether or not they constitute trafficking. A trafficking case must have at least one of the elements within each of the three criteria of Process, Means, and Goals.
US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, OFFICE TO MONITOR AND COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS, June 4, 2008
www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105487.htm (Last Accessed June 21, 2012)
Based on the definition of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, the trafficking in persons has three constituent elements:
THE ACT (What is done)- Recruitment, transportation, Transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons
THE MEANS (How it is done)- Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim
THE PURPOSE (Why it is done) – For the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the removal or organs.
www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html#What_is_Human_Trafficking (Last Accessed June 21, 2012)
Trafficking in Persons or Human Trafficking, Palermo Protocol, www.palermoprotocol.com/
IOM, Migration Law Database (International, Regional, National Instruments) www.imldb.iom.int/section.do
Institutions: EU, NATO, OSCE www.palermoprotocol.com/index.php?option=com_fjrelated&view=fjrelated&layout=blog&Itemid=619
Crown Prosecution Service, Strategy and Policy Directorate, Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Human Trafficking www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/policy_for_prosecuting_cases_of_human_trafficking.pdf
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, International agreements: http://action.web.ca/home/catw/readingroom.shtml?cat_name=International+Agreements
Code of Practice for Victims of Crime www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_073647.pdf
Humantrafficking.org, A Web Resource for Combatting Human Trafficking http://humantrafficking.org/
Stop Human Trafficking Now – Images
www.google.co.uk/search?q=human+trafficking&hl=en&qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4RNRN_enCA415CA418&prmd=imvnsub&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=ORPmT5-4F-SB6gHowqHfDg&sqi=2&ved=0CH4QsAQ&biw=1366&bih=569
The FBI – Human Trafficking www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/civilrights/human_trafficking
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police – Human Trafficking National Coordination Centre
www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ht-tp/index-eng.htm
Sarrica, Fabrizio, 2009. “Trafficking in Persons: Analyses on Europe”. Vienna. UNODC
www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Trafficking_in_Persons_in_Europe_09.pdf
U.S. Department of State, 2011. “Trafficking in Persons Report” www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/index.htm
IOM, March 2012 . “Global Eye on Human Trafficking”, ( Issue 11)- http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/GlobalEyeissue11_29Feb2012.pdf
Gozdiziak, E. and Bum, M., 2008. “ Data and Research on Human Trafficking: Bibliography of Research-Based Literature”
Institute for the Study of International Migration, Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University http://humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ISIM_HumanTrafficking_Bibliography.pdf
UNHCR, Refugee Protection and Human Trafficking: Selected Legal Reference Materials, First Edition, December 2008.
www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=4986fd6b2&query=human trafficking
Lara Talsma, Human Trafficking in Mexico and Neighbouring Countries: A Review of Protection Approaches, UNHCR, The UN Refugee Agency, Policy Development and Evaluation Unit, June 2012. www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=4f070a83540&query=human trafficking
UNODC (United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime) has developed a Human Trafficking Case Law Database
http://www.unodc.org/cld/index.jspx (Last Accessed June 21, 2012)
Palermo Protocol, Court Cases www.palermoprotocol.com/index.php?option=com_fjrelated&view=fjrelated&layout=blog&Itemid=597(Last Accessed June 21, 2012)
- Organized Crime, Lucrative business, Victims of Trafficking, Trafficker, Pimp, Trade in People, Illegal Migration, Migrant smuggling, Forced labour and labour exploitation, Sex trafficking, Sexual Exploitation, Modern day slavery, PPP (Prevention of Trafficking, Protection of Victims and Prosecution of Perpetrators)